Fanny Mendelssohn

Fanny Mendelssohn was one of the greatest female composers to have ever lived. She was born on November 14th, 1805 in Hamburg, Germany. Fanny was a romantic composer and, though only few were published in her life, she composed over 500 works including lieder and piano pieces (Stanton, 1984). Fanny was the oldest of four children and the sister of the well-known composer Felix Mendelssohn, with whom she was very close to (Estrella, 2011). Her grandfather was Moses Mendelssohn, a very popular philosopher of the time (Estrella, 2011). Fanny was extremely talented from childhood, but unfortunately was limited due to the negative attitudes toward women in musical professions of the time (Estrella, 2011). As a child, Fanny was trained on the piano by her mother. She once performed twenty four preludes from Johann Sebastian Bach’s â€Å"Well-tempered Clavier† from memory (Stanton, 1984). She was also influenced when she began to study under other composers. In 1816, Fanny began to compose with Marie Bigot in Paris. Later, in 1818, she went on to study composition under Carl Friedrich Zelter (Estrella, 2011). She wrote over 200 lieders, including the famous â€Å"Swan Song† (Estrella, 2011). She also wrote over 200 fugues, preludes, and sonatas. Later in her life, she began to write choral music, including the famous cantata â€Å"Oratorium nach den Bildern der Bibel† (Estrella, 2011). There are many interesting facts to be learned about Fanny as well. It is rumored that when Felix, her brother, played for Queen Victoria, the queen was very impressed. The Queen went on to say that her favorite was â€Å"Italien,† which Felix admitted was the work of Fanny (â€Å"Essentials of Music Composers†, 2011). Fanny was also extremely close to her brother, Felix. Felix idolized Fanny and would seek her out for musical advice and approval on his own compositions (FMH, 2009). In fact, when Fanny passed away in 1847, it is said that Felix later became depressed and passed away six months later (Estrella, 2011). In 1829, Fanny married Wilhelm Hensel, a successful artist and painter (Stanton, 1984). They had one son together, Sebastian, whom they named after Fanny’s favorite composer, Johann Sebastian Bach (Estrella, 2011). Fanny’s musical talent matched, if not surpassed that of her brother’s, but even if Fanny had wanted to pursue a career in music it would have been nearly impossible. Societal attitudes of the time prevented women from holding professions in music. Even her father discouraged her. In an 1820 letter to Fanny, he tells her that, while music could be a career for Felix, â€Å"for you it can and must only be an ornament, never the basis of your being and doing. FMH, 2009). † He encouraged her to take on the more â€Å"conventional† role of staying at home and bearing children. A year later, Fanny married Wilhelm Hensel. She did take on the acceptable role of women at the time, but still continued to compose over 400 more works (FMH, 2009). On May 1847, after rehearsing her brother’s cantata â€Å"Die erste Walpurgisnacht † for a performance, Fanny collapsed and passed away at the age of forty-one, due to a stroke. Fortunately, she lived long enough to experience changing attitudes towards women in musical professions, which aided in a number of her works having appeared in print, and thus allowed her to fulfill her goals of being seen as a serious composer (FMH, 2009). Since Fanny was one of the first female composers to ever have work published, she set a precedent for the emergence of women into a male-dominated profession (FMH, 2009). Much of Fanny’s work is unknown because most of her music was not published, but it is very apparent that Fanny Mendelssohn was and still is one of the most notable and talented female composers of all time.

A look into Wide Sargasso Sea Essay

In what appears to be a recreation of the novel Jane Eyre and the main protagonist deeply etched in its lines, Wide Sargasso Sea has given its author, Jean Rhys, quite a number of literary distinctions such as the Heinemann Award as well as the coveted W. H. Smith Award, thus securing her a well-deserved spot in the world of the written arts. Although one may be able to observe that, to some interesting degree, Rhys’ novel strongly echoes Jane Eyre in a number of ways and that, hence, her work cannot stand by itself as a lone and solid literary work without depending too much on what has already been written, Wide Sargasso Sea delivers by tempting the mind to look deeper into the context of the story. Not only is one prompted to internalize on the lives of the characters involved and the situations that have kept them both together in a single place and romantically miles apart while living together. The reader is all the more prompted to juxtapose the literary content into the context of the social developments that have shaped the course of the novel. A look into the main characters, Rochester and Antoinette, provides us with a fitting yet succulent glance of the underlying precepts behind the length of the novel. One cannot simply deny and shy away from the fact that, after reading Wide Sargasso Sea, much is to be discerned and contemplated on the behaviors of the characters and the very societal setting that has molded them to what and who they are. Rochester and Antoinette: similarities and differences The characters of both Rochester and Antoinette bear the same characteristic of madness, illustrated to some degree in the former character’s attempt to ditch-off Antoinette by turning towards infidelity and intentionally letting her hear all about his conceited deeds. The fact that Rochester verified the instance when she slept with another woman further illustrate the point that he does not yearn for Antoinette as much as his coldness and arrogance would bitterly consume his outward feelings toward her. Madness has consumed Rochester and his treatment of Antoinette, devouring and distorting his perception of the place where they lived, choosing his England more than anything else whilst staying in a seeming paradise. The madness that has dissolved the humanly precepts of Rochester does not necessarily amount to that of a madman exiled in a sanitarium somewhere in a desolate region. Rather, the context of the madness that have seemed to corrupt his thoughts can all the more me concretized with Rochester’s efforts to keep Antoinette away from him as much as possible, with the very idea that she has turned into a lunatic. Rochester appears to have countered or met the madness in Antoinette by employing actions that can be interpreted as way beyond normal thinking, one that is not commonly done by the normal individual. His deliberate intent of letting Antoinette understand that he has purposely committed infidelity is what a normal person will not usually do, is beyond the point of tolerance, and is exceedingly beyond the limits of a married man. Madness has indeed taken its course in the veins of Rochester as his treatment and attitude towards Antoinette plummet to an unceasingly growing emptiness. Antoinette, on the other hand, has been depicted almost throughout the stretch of the novel as the mad woman that she is, as the Creole taken down by the sheer weight of madness and by the mounting confusion that creases her understanding of her personality and, far more importantly, of her understanding of who she really is. It is not difficult to ascertain from the descriptions of both the personality and actuations of Antoinette that she has been slurred down by the very idea of â€Å"madness† that the people surrounding her have casted upon Rochester’s wife.

Investigation of a business development proposal for a centre store in Essay

Investigation of a business development proposal for a centre store in the business - Essay Example earned from the newly rented premises Expected income: these are the actual earning that are expected to be generated from the new premises Build up factor: it is the percentage of the maximum possible income that the managers of the business hope to make in the first few years after start up Cost of sales: these are the expenses that incurred in order for the business make sales and may include cost of raw materials and transportation cost among other costs. Net cash flow: this is the difference between the total expenses and the total income that the business generated; it is the money that the business was left with after paying its expense (Day, 2012, p26). Discount factor: this is the rate at which the management of the business depreciates the capital goods in the premise; the depreciation rate is done on an annual nominal rate Present value of net cash flow: this is the cash flow of the business that has been adjusted for depreciation. The purpose of this report is to analyse the financial viability of expanding the business by renting additional floor space and setting up branded boutiques for brand name such as Maine and Gucci, Principles, Miss Selfridge, Warehouse, Timberland and Calvin Klein among others. Initial conclusion The net present value of the business expansion of Bristol stalls is 1, 399, 500 US dollars for the first three years after start up while the estimated cost of investments in terms of fitting and design total to 900, 000 US dollars. This shows that there is a difference of 499, 500 US dollars, this means that the business will have repaid the start up costs fully and made some significant profit margins despite not operating at the full capacity. According to calculations in the net cash flows that have not been adjusted for depreciation, the figures shows an upward trend which is encouraging as it shows the business will be able to increase its capacity to generate revenue if the trend continues. This will happen despite the inc rease in most of the other related costs apart from the miscellaneous costs, which are estimated to remain constant throughout the first three years after start up. Therefore, using the financial information generated by the cash flow, it is financially viable for the business to expand its operations by renting adjacent spaces in Bristol store. Sensitivity analysis One of the reasons that informed the above decision is the total costs that would be incurred in running the new business premises, these costs are relatively low as compared to the expected income that the new floor space will generate. The total expenses per quarter in the first year are 433, 375 US dollars, this is below the expected income of 540, 000 US dollars, subtracting these two figures one gets 106, 625 US dollars, which is the residue that remains after the basic expenses have been deducted. If the value of total costs was any figure above 540, 000 US dollars, then the business would have been left with a neg ative residue. For instance if the total costs were 600, 000 US dollars per quarter, then the residue would have

The impact of rape on the victims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The impact of rape on the victims - Essay Example Rape can also be regarded as sexual assault and it can happen to both men and women of different ages. Rapists usually apply force to subdue their victims and it can be seen that rape is all about power where the sexual offender seeks to derive sexual pleasure from another person without his or her consent. To this effect, rape is a criminal offence which negatively impacts on the lives of the victims. Effective measures need to be put in place in order to deal with this cancerous disease in different societies. Research has shown that most sexual offences such as rape are mainly committed by members of the lowest socio-economic classes with a relatively low standard of education. For instance, Robinson (23) suggests that cases of rape are more common especially in poor communities and they often go unreported. This practice is mainly influenced by lack of proper education among the members of the poor communities. The victims are often threatened with death if they report the case t o the law enforcement agents. As a result of this situation, it can be noted that the victims often suffer in silence for fear of their lives if they report the case. It can also be seen that rape is usually committed by the relatives of the victims. ... Robinson (24) also posits to the effect that rape is often committed for ritual purposes. Many people who are infected with HIV/Aids especially in African countries believe that this deadly disease can be treated if they sleep with minors. However, the unfortunate truth is that AIDS is incurable so instead of solving their own problems, they will be creating similar problems on other people. Rape is also committed by people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol and these people use force in order to have sex with the unwilling victims. In some cases, the victims are also drugged so that they become powerless such that they cannot defend themselves. Men can also be raped by women though this problem is mainly rampant among females. However, some men are often ashamed of reporting such cases for fear of being ridiculed in their respective societies and this is the reason why some of these cases go unreported. Men usually feel inferior if they are raped by women especially tho se who come from patriarchal societies. There are several negative consequences of rape cases among different people who are victims. People who are forced into sex are often traumatized by the horrific experience they go through. For instance, minors often experience psychological problems that will affect their growth and development if they are raped and threatened with death. At the end of the day, these young people often suffer in silence but this affects their normal growth and development. In most cases, children who are victims of rape often behave in a queer manner such that they may perform dismally in their studies at school. If these children are not properly counseled, they may not develop in a normal way. This can in turn impact negatively

Young Adult Literature Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Young Adult Literature - Research Proposal Example This is because the issues that are presented in this literature are more realistic and more interesting to the teenager audience. The content of these books, together with their popularity amongst the teenagers, has led to them been criticized and challenged by the society. This has led to them been banned from high school libraries as the librarians fear for reprisals from the parents and the authorities. However, banning a piece of work from a school library openly can lead to a lot of pressure and complications as the writers are bound to complain. To avoid the confrontation with the publishers or authors, many high school library media specialists have come up with an ingenious way of making sure that the books are not accessed by the teenagers in the school library. They simply choose not to add controversial items to their library's collection. This action is referred to as self-censorship in the collection development process. This research proposal is a prerequisite for a research to be carried on the practices that make up self-censorship of professional librarianship in young adult literature. The researcher will try to find out why school library media specialists reject to add books with edgy content to their collection. 1.1: Problem Statement Problem statement is the section that the researcher sets forth the underlying focus of his undertaking (Tomang, 2009). The problem that will be addressed in this case is the practices that make up self censorship of professional librarianship in young adult literature. The research will try to find out why the librarians, especially in high school, engage in self censorship where they restrict the access of the young adult literature by the teenagers in the school library. The researcher will examine whether this action is justified and the effects that it has on the writers and the teenagers themselves. 1.2: Purpose of the Research In his book methodologies of sociological research, Kimberley (2008) opines that every research must have a clearly stated purpose that motivates and guides the researcher throughout the research. The research will have no value to the researcher himself and to the field within which it is conducted if the researcher himself (who carried out the research) is unable to determine the purpose of his undertaking. The purpose of this research will be identifying the practices that make up self censorship of professional librarianship in young adult literature. The researcher will be specifically interested in self censorship of high school's library media specialists. 1.2: Research Questions Research questions are the "sign posts that help the researcher to navigate the maze of his research" (Kimberley, 2008). This is because the research revolves around answering these research questions. The success of the research is gauged by how well the researcher answers the questions that were set forth at the beginning of the research process. The quality of the research will also be gauged by the objectivity of the research questions that are addressed. The following is the major research question that the researcher will be answering in this study. What are the practices that make up self-censorship of professional librarianship in young adult literature This research question will act as the major objective of the research. All of the research w

Database security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Database security - Essay Example is is not done, then databases are subjected to several threats that could lead to loss of integrity, loss of availability, and loss of confidentiality (IFIP, 2013). Privacy protection is both a personal and fundamental right for any individual. It is the right of every individual to hold the expectation that organizations that collect information will ensure confidentiality of personal information. One way in which this can be achieved is by ensuring that organizations will collect, maintain, utilize, and disseminate personal information and data only to the extent that is necessary to enable them perform their functions (Doyle & Bagaric, 2005). Privacy laws regulate how entities handle personal information. They also include obligations that govern the collection, use, disclosure, and access to personal information, requiring entities to observe reasonable measures for the protection of personal information in their possession from misuse, loss and from unauthorized access, use, modification or disclosure. The NIST triad for privacy is set under the above set of requirements for privacy. It is a model for information security that incorporates three main components namely confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Each of these components in the triad stresses a key objective for information security. Confidentiality requires that data is only availed to appropriate parties, integrity means the certainty that there is no tampering with the data prior to and after collection, and availability means that the data will be made available as and when needed (Nemati, 2008). IFIP TC11/WG 11.3 International Conference on Database Security, & In Jajodia, S. (2013). Database security XII: Status and prospects : IFIP TC11 WG11.3 Twelfth International Working Conference on Database Security, July 15-17, 1998, Chalkidiki,

Mental Illness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mental Illness - Research Paper Example This is one area that may have needed a change in the carrying out of the study. In my opinion, it would be best to have families record some of the behavioral changes that they have witnessed since the closing of the study. This would provide ample information about the progress of the education and techniques taught during the study. In light of the above, there are some things that I would strive to change, for instance; the focus placed on families would have to be increased. It is evident from the study that children do not have specific techniques that could help in diagnosing and treating their psychosocial disorders. Only adults are reported as having such techniques, which are designed to cater to their needs such as the expressed emotion model discussed in the study (Fristad, Goldberg-Arnold & Gavazzi, 2003). According to the study, the above mentioned technique deals with adults. However, it can also pave way for the understanding of children, and their relationships with their parents. This is by allowing researchers to connect with everyone in the families that are participating in the study. The concept of expressed emotion is a way in which researchers assume that individuals previously diagnosed with a mood disorder may relapse. In my opinion, trying to find a suitable model/technique that caters to both the parents and their children would be the best way to go about this study. Psychoeducation is a means of trying to reduce the levels of the EE (Fristad, Goldberg-Arnold & Gavazzi, 2003). This education involves trying to connect people; namely; the therapeutic team and the families being tested. This relationship may lead to understanding between the parties involved, hence; better management. This may be the best as it connects parents, families, and children together as they all try to comprehend the nature of their problems. Researchers can develop trust and establish a common ground on which everyone may understand what they need to do, an d when to do it. Population average may give a rough estimate of the entire area, and all that is required to come up with conclusive results from that area from selected participants. Setting up modern-day research facilities may work toward having families being studied keenly and monitored closely for any changes in behavior. The manic and depressive states of the affected parties may be easily monitored in these areas, which may allow research teams a better insight into how to deal with the participants. Children may also have different activities depending on their age-groups and characteristics. Sports and games are one way to do this. Having them interact with each other may determine the extent to which they might be affected by some of the common disorders that are present (Fristad, Goldberg-Arnold & Gavazzi, 2003). Developing research questions that are out to provide information on past and previous behavioral patterns may be part of the changes to be done. Past and prev ious behavioral patterns, for example; unexplained mood changes and behavior change in different time spans may assist in determining the level at which people are in terms of disorders These tendencies are checked to determine the possible psychological symptoms and relapse of individuals to their past disorders and psychosocial tendencies. This is a way of looking at how individuals, for example; children, may be affected

Business Organisations And Their Environments Essay

Business Organisations And Their Environments - Essay Example This essay stresses that the employees need to be informed of why technology is being introduced, its perceived benefits and the limitations. Then, they should be given training in how to utilize technology to enhance the work. They should also be encouraged to find innovative ways to utilize technology. Proper information flow and effective communication can reduce the incidences of resistance. This would help the organization to attain higher levels of productivity. This may require the right leadership. People do not want to challenge the tried and tested methods for fear of failure and consequent loss of job. This fear has to be eliminated by accepting mistakes as the learning process. This means the employees have to be given a free hand to learn through mistakes. Understand the internal environment is very critical to the successful implementation of technology. This paper makes a conclusion that an organization cannot function independent of the external environment. In fact the external environment urges an organization to changes its strategy and policies, to ensure that it is able to sustain competition. The external environment becomes a cause for its competitive strategy. The external environment would include the country and the industry policies as well. But in this case, only the competition in the sector has been considered. However, just trying to beat competition through prices is not enough.

Cultural Challenges in International Project Management Illustrated by Research Paper

Cultural Challenges in International Project Management Illustrated by Comparing Germany and the United States of America - Research Paper Example The first step in any cultural study is to attempt to define what exactly is culture. Due to the varied and basic intangible nature and the existing dissimilarities in the world’s cultures, it is a very difficult task to correctly define culture.There are over 300 widely accepted definitions of culture, with prominent researchers like Taylor, Down, Hofstede providing their own versions. All of these definitions contain some similar elements which h can be grouped together to form an encompassing idea of what a culture is. Sennara and Hartman describe culture assets of shared beliefs, attitudes, values and ideas which make up the core essence of a culture and are accepted by the majority of the population. These shared values then further become a part of the accepted behavior concerning family, social culture, law and other noticeable areas. There are three determinants of any culture - Human Nature which his universal and refers to biological and physiological needs, Cultural traits which are distinct for every nation and formed through traditions and history and personality which differs for every individual and may not be in direct complement to the cultural traits.The culture is also the major influence in determining the ‘work culture’ and ethics of the nation and the reason why organizations place so much importance on understanding the culture as a whole. From the management perspective, Mario Eberlein divides known culture into the three levels of National, Organizational, professional level.

Analysis of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of Globalization - Essay Example   First of all it is necessary to mention that globalization has both positive and negative impacts on contemporary world, and exactly nowadays it is difficult to find a more fashionable and debatable topic than globalization. Different conferences and symposia, hundreds of modern books and thousands of articles are devoted to it. Scientists and politicians, businessmen and economists, religious leaders and artists argue about it. The subject of lively debate is literally everything - what the globalization is, when it started, how it fits with other processes in public and economic life, and what its immediate and long-term consequences are. However, the abundance of approaches, opinions and assessments do not guarantee the deep study of this fundamental issue. Globalization is considered to be a difficult question that is not difficult only for mass consciousness but for scientific analysis, too. Thus, it is waiting for a thorough study and we are going to begin its discussion fr om the perspective of economic inequality. Thinking about economic inequality through the prism of globalization it is necessary to mention that the main consequence of this is the global division of labor, migration across the planet's capital, human and industrial resources, the standardization of legislation, economic and technological processes, as well as the convergence of cultures in different countries. It is an objective process that is systemic in its nature and that covers all the aspects of society. Globalization is associated primarily with the internationalization of the entire public activity on the Earth (Gumery, 2006). This internationalization means that humanity is a single system of social, cultural, economic, political and other relations, interactions and relationships in the modern era. For example, including all the countries and nationalities, epochal events and changes that happened in the world at the end of the last century we recognize globalization†™s influence. Humanity now lives in the ‘world community’ where a single country or a group of countries cannot be fully fenced off from each other. Globalization deeply leaves roots in the history, and, however, it is considered to be the phenomenon of the 20th century. It is obvious that the processes of globalization of world economy observed in recent decades, have conflicting implications for the economic development of many countries. Currently two opposite points of view on globalization as a factor in the balanced development of the world economy co-exist. According to the first position, globalization is a ‘zero-sum game’: it gives a gain to relatively more developed countries, and it gives losses to less developed (developing) countries.  Ã‚  

Duties and Responsibilities Essay Example for Free

Duties and Responsibilities Essay The main purpose of a master scheduler should be to arrange the staff, students and resources of the school in order to come up with a schedule that optimizes learning in the institution. She/He is tasked to assure that the operation of the institution runs smoothly and efficiently. This paper discusses the duties and responsibilities of a master scheduler, as well as activities that he/she should be implementing. The main duty of a Master Scheduler is to initiate and spearhead the planning, development and maintenance of the Master Schedule. The Master Schedule is expected to support the objectives and the existing curricula of the school. A few signs of a good Master Schedule are as follows: 1) ample time is allotted for the teachers and the students to attain their objectives and expectations, and 2) teachers are able to focus on their area of expertise for more efficiency. This Master Schedule should be finalized and approved before fall of 2009. Since this is the main activity of a Master Scheduler, all 150 hours should be spent on this activity. In the development of a schedule, the Master Scheduler should first do an inspection of the resources of the school. Some of the factors that should be considered when doing the Master Schedule are the approved curriculum, population of the enrollees, availability of teachers, expertise of teachers, number of available classrooms, size of the school cafeteria and number of cafeteria employees and transportation schedules to and from school. These factors will dictate what the schedule should be in order to optimize learning in school given the limited resources. Recording and note-taking should be done. This should be implemented during the first 24 hours on the job or an equivalent of 3 days. Upon receipt of the records of the available teachers, the necessary coordination with the teachers and administrators should be done to come up with an initial Master Schedule. The Master Scheduler can opt to discuss the schedule one-by-one with each teacher, if not too pressured with time. This should take about 40 hours on the job. After an initial Master Schedule has been drafted, this should be discussed with all the teachers and administration staffs. A general meeting of about 4 hours or half a day should be initiated by the Master Scheduler for the purpose of clarifying any conflict, questions and concerns that the teachers and administration staffs should have. Analysis of the final schedule should be done alone by the Master Scheduler. He/She should be able to make sure that the schedule has been optimized given the limited resources of the institution. Problems which are foreseen to happen should be eliminated and alternative plans should be laid out. The analysis should be done in 40 hours or equivalent of 1-week work. After finalization of the Master Schedule, this should be submitted to the school superintendent for approval. Meetings should be set in order to discuss the Master Schedule with the school’s higher management. Questions and concerns should be clarified during this stage. Discussion with higher management should take about 16 hours on the job or an equivalent of 2 days. Prior to the enrollment, a proper monitoring system should be set up in order to examine the workability and feasibility of the Master Schedule. Set-up of the monitoring system should take about 16 hours or 2 days of work. And during enrollment, the monitoring system should be used to observe any problems and deviations from the Master Schedule. If problems and deviations occur, the Master Scheduler should be able to coordinate this with the necessary parties and decide promptly on it. Upon enrollment, the Master Scheduler should spearhead and manage the encoding of the student records, schedules, registration, registration changes and late registration. This stage also involves encoding of the teachers’ schedules. Management of the encoding and monitoring of the Master Schedule should be done during the enrollment period which is about a week or 40-day work.

Process and Outcome Evaluations Essay Example for Free

Process and Outcome Evaluations Essay A Process Evaluation is relatively used to monitor as well as document the planning, implementation, and interrelationship of the components of the proposed project are the focus of the process evaluation. The process evaluations main focus is to assist with the description of program interventions’ development, as well as its activities, also to provide quantitative and qualitative data on many services that are to be rendered and their effectiveness. A Process Evaluation is also responsible to document the acceptability of a specific program within the programs targeted community. An Outcome Evaluation is what is known to be based on the project’s ecological systems social constructionist theoretical orientations and its focus on the peer, family, individual, as well as school domains, the outcome evaluation will provide better understanding to some of the key evaluation questions and its effectiveness. Some examples of process evaluations are: 1. A program that provides addiction recovery services to the communities children ask the clients and their parents to fill out survey forms to specify if the program was helpful for their family to help them to meet specific goals. 2. The children participating in sports work with their coaches to fill out questionnaires about the program services they receive. Examples of an outcome evaluation are: 1. The number of high school students that are graduating goes up after the school implements an after school program to assist children struggling with grades 2. The city was able to increase its funding to the school from $3,000 to 15,000 after implementation of the after school program showed  improved graduation References Yuen, F., Terao, K. (2003). Practical grant writing and program evaluation. . Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

Workers Motivation

Workers Motivation Since this day many theories have been developed trying to identify what lies behind the motivation of workers. What is it that pushes workers to improve their performance, increase their effort and ultimately feel part of an organisation? Motivation is a conscious decision to perform one or more activities with greater effort than other competing activities (Roberts and Corbett, 2009, Understanding Organisational Behaviour IB1230 p.240). It could be interpreted that motivation being a conscious decision cannot be forced, but only be triggered by managers using certain methods. However, even today many managers refuse to give up Taylorism and the use of the scientific management. As a result the idea of the rational economic man still exists and managers still treat the workers as cogs in a machine presumed that they are motivated only by pay. This essay will argue that today job has come to be a way to make a living, and pay is just the mean for a better living but not what motivate s people to work (Gostick and Elton). Pay itself does not motivate people to improve their performance or increase their effort. What people desire beyond their material well-being, that pay can offer, is self-fulfilment and a sense of belonging. To begin with, the effectiveness of the scientific management has been challenged many times but the first blow was the Hawthorne Studies conducted by Elton Mayo in the 1920s. Until then workers had mostly no saying on the decision-making or work process, and based on McGregors Theory X, were seen as genetically lazy, with no real ambitions. With his experiment Mayo wanted to show the relation of productivity and the poor working conditions and how this could be controlled by alternating some factors of the working environment. However, productivity was increasing whatever the working conditions, leading to the conclusion that workers wanted to perform better in return of the interest that the managers had shown to them. The results of this study challenged the established conception of the rational economic man and brought the era of the social man and McGregors Theory Y. Workers are still human beings when they enter the factory door with feelings and ambitions, in search of self-a ctualisation. So this leads to the conclusion that motivation is affected by social factors as well, and sometimes workers place more importance to these than pay itself. Self-actualisation needs were what Maslow considered to be the highest level in his Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow supported the view that people must firstly satisfy each before they can move on to the higher-order needs. It is believed that self-actualisation is what continuously motivate workers as it is never fulfilled but always pursued. However, what managers must understand is that once they offered to workers the taste of self-achievement and freedom it is difficult to then remove them.   Also self-actualisation is not only achieved through work and individuals progress in this pyramid. It is achieved at different times by individuals and using different methods by their managers (Fincham and Rhodes). FIGURE 1.1-Source: Lecture Notes Herzberg further developed this idea in his Two Factor Theory where he presented job satisfaction to be a result of the motivators and job dissatisfaction as a result of the hygiene factors. Therefore it was assumed that different factors let to either job satisfaction or dissatisfaction.   Ã‚   Motivators Hygiene Factors Achievement Company Policy Work itself Supervision Responsibility Work conditions Advancement Pay FIGURE 1.2-Source: Lecture Notes It can be argued that there are similarities with Maslows Hierarchy of Needs as motivators satisfy the top needs of the pyramid whereas hygiene factors fulfil the basic human needs. Pay here is assumed to be a factor that leads to job dissatisfaction when is not met and thus included in the hygiene factors. It is broadly believed that workers with a satisfied pay will not necessarily be encouraged to perform better but only manage not to be dissatisfied. On the other hand, if the work itself is challenging and there is a potential of recognition, this is more likely to keep workers motivated and devoted to the organisation. That is why Herzberg talks about job enrichment, a means to encourage motivation by building greater responsibility and variety into a job (Roberts and Corbett, 2009, Understanding Organisational Behaviour IB1230 p.248). After all, as he argued, the very nature of motivators, as opposed to hygiene factors, is that they have a much longer-term effect on employees a ttitudes (Herzberg, 2003, One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? p. 70). Therefore it can be assumed that pay is just a short-term solution to the motivation problem since when they reach a satisfies economic position then they will turn their attention to the social factors. However, Herzbergs Theory did not come about without criticisms that compromise its effectiveness in motivating the workers. It is argued that his research was not objective as it only included accountants and engineers, occupations that were considered to be profitable. In addition, as it is clearly illustrated by Heiders Attribution Theory people tend to attach successes to internal factors and externalise any failures. As a result the interviewees blamed the managers for feeling dissatisfied from their job and on the other hand, recognised themselves as the main factor leading to job satisfaction. Another strong criticism involves the fact that the workers may not have been honest of what really motivates them, offering therefore a reason why pay is included as a hygiene factor (Fincham and Rhodes). It was argued that this behaviour may exist because workers want to be socially accepted and thus portrait themselves to be motivated by a more noble factor than pay (Rynes, Gerhart an d Minette). Recent studies still draw the same conclusions as the one carried out by Herzberg more than 50 years ago. Workers are more likely to contribute to the work process if they feel comfortable in the work environment, close to their managers and have a sense of achievement. Once more, pay did not play a major role in motivating people since the pursue of self-actualisation remains the major concern of workers and their ultimate goal (Bassett-Jones and Lloyd). Moreover, pay has a major role in Adams Equity Theory where workers are presented to be motivated by pay   in relative terms rather than in absolute. Money can be measured and thus it allows comparisons to be made leading to the importance of equity and fairness as a factor of motivation. Therefore it is argued that workers are more likely to improve their performance if they consider their pay to be fair relative to the effort they had put and the effort of the others. This idea is supported by the experiment held out by Adams where the students who they receive higher pay relative to their efforts were motivated to work harder in order to restore equity in the exchange (Fincham and Rhodes, 2005, Principles of Organisational Behaviour p.203). However, there is the risk that conflict maybe arise because workers and managers have different perceptions of what the effort the workers must be and the pay that is considered to be fair for that effort.      Beyond the theories the managers can put in practice, they must firstly realise that the workers are individuals with different needs, values, experiences, that have an impact on what finally motivates them. As said before, people are on different levels on the Hierarchy of Needs pyramid and place different value on different hygiene factors and motivators (see figures 1.1 and 1.2). In order for this obstacle to be overcome the managers must concentrate on the individuals who work in the organisation. What drives the motivation of the each worker may change, because of different circumstances. Known the worker on a personal level gives the advantage to change the behaviour towards them. It is true that with the current crisis and the growing fear of the unemployment many workers do not have the feeling of security in their job. Thus this is their motivation for the specific time and what the managers must try to restore. However it could be argued that in this decision-making process the workers must have the chance to be heard and a compromise decision to be reached in order for any organisation to have a brighter future. On the other hand, inter-group conflict may be aroused because of managers expectations concerning certain groups. What managers expect of subordinates and the way they treat them largely determine their performance and career progress (Livingston J.S, 2003, Pygmalion in Management p.176). Therefore if a manager expects a group to perform baldy and not be able to reach a certain target, this demotivates the individuals of the group and their performance is declined as expected. However, this may not always be the case since the individuals desire to prove the manager wrong may drive them to improve their performance and thus raise the expectations which the manager previously had. It could be argued that the conflict is sometimes desirable as it changes the behaviour of the workers to the best which it is in line with the interactionist approach. In this example pay did not play the major part in motivating workers even though it could be claimed that the individuals improve their pe rformance in order to receive a better reward. However Herzbergs followers would argue that what really motivated the group was the job that became more challenging and gave the opportunity of self-achievement and recognition. Of course, the behaviour of the workers is affected by the organisations structure and culture. According to Maslow workers pursue their self-actualisation through work and therefore it could be argued that the organisational performance will depend ultimately on the extent to which individuals are provided with the opportunity to satisfy their own goals by contributing to the goals of the organisation (Mullins J., 2008, Essentials of Organisational Behaviour p.355). People are more likely to be motivated and feel part of an organisation when they share the same values, beliefs and attitudes. Therefore the organisation policy may focus on the pay as a measure to reward better performance and to the individual needs of the workers. It is true that some workers will be motivated through this but for the wrong reasons. The organisations structure encourages them to behave unethical in order to gain a raise in their pay or a promotion (Luecke, 2006). Indeed the ideas that people work for money and that more money rewards mean better performance are only just myths. As argued before, people look for something deeper in doing their work and managers who ignore that and continue to bribe their employees   in fact they pay the price in a lack of loyalty and commitment(Pfeffer J., 2003, Six dangerous myths about pay p.99). Of course the policy of the organisation and its structure depends on which country it operates as there are different perceptions of what motivates people. This is evident from a survey in 2000 where among eight countries   U.K valued good pay the highest. However, this is a result of the different methods used in these countries from which British companies may learn in order to rely less on pay to motivate their workers. In conclusion, pay does motivate people but this will not last in the long-run. Money is the means for a better life but is mostly seen as a condition to work rather than related to particular effort (Handy C., 1993, Understanding organisations p.52). Once the workers achieve their material well-being they will try to satisfy their desire for self-fulfilment. As a result pay does motivate to some extent and mostly at the beginning of someones career but then he/she will pursue recognition, achievement and finally self-actualisation. Therefore managers must strive to learn their workers on a personal level, consider their worries and needs in order to discover what ultimately motivates them to give their best effort. The Tandem Computer took this step, and moved away from offering money for better performance to being more concerned of keeping their workers satisfying through the work itself. Therefore it would not even tell you your salary before expecting you to accept the work (Pfe ffer J., 2003, Six dangerous myths about pay p.93). More organisations must take this difficult step in order to depend less on money and offer their workers greater opportunities for personal growth. Bibliography Roberts, Ashley and Corbett, Martin,2009. Understanding Organisational Behaviour IB1230 Warwick Business School: McGraw-Hill Custom Publishing Fincham, Robin and Rhodes, Peter,2005. Principles of Organisational Behaviour Fourth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press Mullins Laurie J.,2008. Essentials of Organisational Behaviour Second Edition. Harlow: England; New York: Financial Times/Prentice Hall Timpe Dale. A, 1986. Motivation of Personnel. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Company Limited Gostick Adrian And Elton Chester, 2009. The Carrot Principle. London: Simon Schuster UK Ltd Handy Charles, 1993. Understanding Organisations Fourth Edition.   London: England; Penguin Group Grey Chris, 2009. A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Organizations Second Edition London: SAGE Publications Ltd Herzberg Frederick, Mausner Bernard, Snyderman Barbara Bloch, 1993. The motivation to Work Second revised Edition. New Brunswick: New Jersey; Transaction Publishers Latham Gary P., 2007. Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research, and Practice. Thousand Oaks: California; Sage Publications, Inc. USB!!!!!!!!!!! LECTURES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Manville Brook and Ober Josiah, 2003. Beyond Empowerment: Building a Company of Citizens Harvard Business Review, 81(1), pp. 48-53 Fryer Bronwyn, 2003. Moving Mountains Harvard Business Review, 81(1), pp. 41-47 Herzberg Frederick, 2003. One More Time: How to you motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review, 81(1), pp.86-86 Luecke Richard, 2006. Harvard Business Essential: Performance Management. Boston: Massachusetts; Harvard Business School Press Kerr Steve, 2003. The Best-Laid Incentive Plans Harvard Business Review, 81(1), pp.27-37 Nicholson Nigel, 2003. How to motivate your problem employees Harvard Business Review, 81(1) pp.57-65 Livingston Sterling. J, 2003. Pygmalion in Management Harvard Business Review, 81(1) pp.97-106 Levinson Harry, 2003. Management by whose objectives? Harvard Business Review, 81(1) pp.107-116 McClelland David C., Burnham David H., 2003. Power is the great motivator Harvard Business Review, 81(1) pp.117-126 Goleman Daniel, 2000. Leadership that gets results Harvard Business Review, 78(2) pp.78-90 Manzoni Jean-Franà §ois, Barsoux Jean-Louis, 1998. The Set-Up-To-Fail Syndrome Harvard Business Review, 76(2) pp.101-113 Pfeffer Jefferey, 1998. Six Dangerous Myths About Pay Harvard Business Review 76(3) pp.109-119 Goffee Rob, Jones Gareth, 1996. What holds the modern Company together? Harvard Business Review, 74(6) pp.133-148

Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essay -- Environmental Global

Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect, in environmental science, is a popular term for the effect that certain variable constituents of the Earth's lower atmosphere have on surface temperatures. It has been known since 1896 that Earth has been warmed by a blanket of gasses (This is called the "greenhouse effect."). The gases--water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4)--keep ground temperatures at a global average of about 15 degrees C (60 degrees F). Without them the average would be below the freezing point of water. The gases have this effect because as incoming solar radiation strikes the surface, the surface gives off infrared radiation, or heat, that the gases trap and keep near ground level. The effect is comparable to the way in which a greenhouse traps heat, hence the term. Environmental scientists are concerned that changes in the variable contents of the atmosphere--particularly changes caused by human activities--could cause the Earth's surface to warm up to a dangerous de gree. Since 1850 there has been a mean rise in global temperature of approximately 1? C (approximately 1.8? F). Even a limited rise in average surface temperature might lead to at least partial melting of the polar icecaps and hence a major rise in sea level, along with other severe environmental disturbances. An example of a runaway greenhouse effect is Earth's near-twin planetary neighbor Venus. Because of Venus's thick CO2 atmosphere, the planet's clo...

Wolves Essay -- essays research papers

Wolves The wolf was once a much slandered animal. In the western world, people feared and hated wolves, and this legacy is reflected in stories such as Little Red Riding Hood and The Boy Who Cried Wolf. In these popular children's tales the wolf is made out to be a prowler and a killer of livestock and people. There is some basis for The Boy Who Cried Wolf, for wolves have killed cattle and sheep. But what of Little Red Riding Hood? There are no records of wolves killing humans in Canada or the United States. Yet, when wolves were spotted near rural communities, fear used to grip the populace, but over time this has become less prevalent. Today, many people know that scientists studying wolves have lived very close to dens where there were pups without being attacked. They have even taken pups from a den without being injured. The parents have usually run away, returning later to take their young to a more private den or to a rendezvous site (a place where the pack meets). In areas where wolves are hunted or trapped they fear people and are very wary. However, in remote places, such as in the Canadian Arctic, they show little fear and will often allow people to live near them. Two hundred years ago, Canis lupus, also known as gray wolves, were more widely distributed than any other mammal of historic times. They lived in large areas of North America, Europe, and Asia; the only places they could not occupy were deserts, tropical rain forests, and peaks of the highest mountain ranges. Wolves still live in large areas of the northern hemisphere; however, their primitive range has been greatly reduced due to changes in the landscape and people's efforts to exterminate them. In North America, wolves have been exterminated in the Atlantic provinces, Mexico, the United States (except Minnesota, Alaska, and some of the western states), and the heavily populated areas of southern Canada. They are still common in lightly settled portions of Canada from Labrador to British Columbia and in the Yukon and Northwest Territories. The red wolf was once common in the southeastern United States. It has been eliminated in the wild. However, through a captive breeding program, the species is being reintroduced into its former range. It is virtually impossible to describe the typical appearance of wolves. Wolves of many large arctic islands and Greenland usually appear sn... ...ibou numbers decline. Wolves have already been exterminated in many places. However, there may be less danger of such excesses in the future, as wolf control is increasingly based on biology rather than emotion. There is now a greater awareness among people that the killing by wolves of deer and other prey species, which we may want for ourselves, is not a sufficient reason for the extermination of wolves. Sometimes populations of game animals are critically low, so on biological grounds wolf control could be justified; however, control programs are always opposed by ever-increasing urban populations. Proposed wolf culls have become major political issues in many areas in North America. When controls are carried out, they need to be done to meet certain criteria, which are based on sound scientific information and stewardship of wildlife populations. In the wilderness scheme of things wolves play an important role. And from a human point of view, the great interest and value of having this intelligent animal as part of our wilderness heritage should be sufficient justification for allowing it to survive in a wide variety of wilderness and semi-wilderness areas all over the world.

Media And Baseball :: essays research papers

Media affects everyone and everything; There is no escape. Media is everywhere and surrounds everything. Henry Jenkins and Marshall McLuhan have differing points of view as to what the meaning of media is. They both, however, have their particular ponits which they describe well. Jenkin's talks about the different types of cultures that exist, focusing on popular culture, in his essay, "What Everyone Should Know About Popular Culture." Mcluhan talks about the concepts of Narcicism and the "Global Village." Both Jenkin's and McLuhan's ideas can be focused on a particular thing, such as Baseball. That can be further broken down and analyzed at the team level. The Los Angeles Dodgers have most recently been the center of attention due to the top media coverage of the team. The team does, however, have a great history. They were originally known as the Brooklyn dodgers until they made a move to Los Angeles in 1958. They then became the Los Angeles Dodgers and their owner became Walter O'Malley. He was the owner and president for the next twenty years. After that, he passed the team down to his son Peter. This is a great example of Jenkin's definition of Folk Culture. A very important item was passed down from generation to generation of O'Malleys, eventhough the item was quite massive. Throughout the years, however, the Dodgers were much a part of popular culture. Baseball was known as "America's Favorite Past-time," and still is. The tradition that the O'Malley family had with the Dodgers lasted until 1998, when a big corporation, the FOX group owned by Rupert Murdoch, took over the team. This was a time of chan! ge, but some could argue was for the best. Being owned by the FOX group means there is more media exposure for the team. Now that the team is owned by Rupert Murdoch, McLuhan's ideas about media can be implemented. McLuhan's concept of narcicism can clearly be seen with the transition of the Dodgers from family-owned to corporation-owned. The availability of large funds to acquire key players makes the Dodgers seem narcicistic. People can think that they love themselves so much, that they will do anything to win. Most recently, Kevin Brown, one of the league's top pitchers was signed to a 105 million dollar contract for 7 years. This is the biggest contract in baseball history. This and other aquisitions was supposed to lead the Dodgers to excellence this year. Unfortunately for Dodgers fans, this did not happen. The team is 20 games out of first place with no chance of making post season play. All that can be done is look back and start thinking about next season.

Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay

Dear Mr. Doerflinger[1], In response to your article on Embryonic Stem Cell Research, I would like to point out that man’s war against disease, has recently advanced dramatically through the introduction of such techniques as pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and has been instrumental in both saving lives and preventing disease. This approach, which has already been used to fight such disorders as Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis, and more recently, cancer, opens the way for undreamt of possibilities concerning both the future diagnoses of different diseases, and their subsequent treatments (Genetic Engineering, 2007). Throughout the world, thousands of children are born with life-threatening diseases and conditions, which man, through genetic science, is now potentially capable of either treating, or maybe even entirely eliminating. By allowing genetic scientists the necessary freedom to continue with research, and to use the recent advancements that science has acheived in embryo screening, future generations will be able to live longer and healthier lives (Bionet, 2007). Within your statement you claim that â€Å"More than two decades of research using mouse embryonic stem cells have produced no treatments †¦. that are safe or effective enough for anyone to propose in humans. These cells have not helped a single human being†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Richard M. Doerflinger, 2007). However, in recent years genetic science has already saved, and changed, the lives of many, giving hope to families facing desperate situations. Adam Nash’s birth, in August 2000, is just one example, which so clearly demonstrates the beginning of a whole new adventure that is just beginning to open before man. Adam’s embryo was chosen after having been screened for Fanconi anemia (FA), which is a rare, and often fatal, congenital blood disorder, due to the fact that Adam’s parents’ were both carriers of the disease. They already had one child, Molly, who had been born with the rare blood disorder, and the Nash’s wanted a sibling for their little girl – but one who was not inflicted with the same disorder. However, doctors, through the use of PGD, were able to find an embryo with tissue that matched Molly’s, which led to their daughter being cured. For the first time in medical history doctors â€Å"blended the sciences of in vitro fertilisation, stem cells, and genetic screening† (5280.com, 2005). One-day-old embryos were tested for FA’s genetic code, and healthy ones were further screened for a tissue match. The embryo was then transplanted into Lisa Nash’s womb and immediately after Adam’s birth blood was removed from the umbilical cord. This was then used for the critical, life-saving transplant. Today both Molly and Adam Nash are healthy, normal children that can, along with their parents, look ahead with confidence (ScienCentralNews, 2004). Clearly research is needed to determine whether the use of embryos is murder, and restrictions enforced to ensure that asthetic choices, such as gender and appearence, are not permitted. But medical sicence isn’t interested in obtaining perfect babies, its objective is curing and preventing disease. Therefore, scientific research in this field to should be continued to advance the human race, especially if he is to make any headway in understanding the nature of disease, its origins and its cure. And, although there is a need to address both the ethical and social questions that have been raised by those who fear the posibility of ‘designer babies’, medical science must be allowed to progress, if we are ever to successfully combat diseases and conditions that both wreck lives, and kill human beings (Caroline Mackie Ogilvie, 2007). The likely possibilities are immense; but genes offering protection against fatal and crippling diseases are not the only benefits of this incredible medical advancement. There are also genes that enhance intelligence, the five senses, beauty, and almost every other aspect of man, which opens up other avenues of exploration. Many animals, for example, possess skills and senses that humans don’t have – such as better hearing, or leg regeneration. In the future it may be possible, through gene identification, to incorporate these functions into humans (GMO, 2007), and use them to heal conditions such as deafness, or in limb replacement. It is clear that ethical and social questions concerning the future use of genetic engineering within modern society will need to be addressed. While appropriate democratic laws and structures will hopefully reflect a considered and balance view of the importance of genetic medicine for future generations, such measures should not be allowed to interfere with future scientific research. References 5280.com, Online Article, The Miracle of Molly, 2005. Information retrieved 03/27/2007. Bionet: Explore life science and debate the issues, Online Article, Design-a-Baby? 2007.   Page Downloaded 03/12/2007. Caroline Mackie Ogilvie, et al., Online Article, Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis—An Overview, 2007. Page downloaded 03/19/2007. < www.jhc.org/cgi/content/full/53/3/255> Genetic Engineering, Joà £o Pedro de Magalhà £es, Online Article, Defining Our Children’s Traits, 2007. GMO: Genetic Engineering, Online Article, Designer Baby Ethics, 2007. Page downloaded 03/19/2007. Richard M. Doerflinger, The Ethics & Religious Liberty Comission, Online Article,   Testimony of Richard M. Doerflinger on Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2004.   Page downloaded 03/19/2007.    ScienCentralNews, Online Article, Stem Cell Siblings, 2004. Page downloaded 03/19/2007. [1] Audience: Richard M. Doerflinger is Deputy Director of the Secretariat for Pro-Life Activities, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, where he has worked for 25 years. Among his duties is the preparation of policy statements and congressional testimony on abortion, euthanasia, embryo research, human cloning, and other medical-moral issues for the bishops’ conference.   

Learning Styles and the Most Preferred Teaching Methodology Among Sophomore Nursing Students

drawment line of descents and the much or less pet T each(prenominal)ing systemological analysis among soph(prenominal)(prenominal) nurse Students An Undergraduate thesis Presented To the Faculty of the convey of nurse stunnedlying(prenominal)ther close eastern University In Partial Ful get hold ofment of the Requirements for the Degree of bach of Science in nurse. Submitted By Fernandez, Marjorie S. Flaga, Arlene M. Flores, con Adrianne E. Flores, Jethro S. Flores, Kim Sheri L. Flores, Nonnette Adrian L. Floro, Giselle Ann DR. Foronda, Djenina R. Francia, Lovie Jay A. Fr whatever, Lizairie Q. Fulgentes, Ezra M. BSN 114 / Group 56 Submitted to Mr. Renante Dante tan RN, humans September 2010 APPROVAL SHEETThe Thesis proffer entitled in nervous straination personal manners and the Most opt belief Methodologies among soph treat Students Prepargond and submitted by Fernandez, Marjorie S. , Flaga, Arlene M. , Flores, Con Adrianne E. , Flores, Jethro S. , Flores, Kim Sheri L. , Flores, Nonnette Adrian L. , Floro, Giselle Ann DR. , Foronda, Djenina R. , Francia, Lovie Jay A. , Fr either, Lizairie Q. , Fulgentes, Ezra M. In Partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of bach OF Science in breast feeding, this search proposal has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination. Renante Dante G. Tan scum bagvassk AdviserApproved by the committee in unwritten inquiry with a grade of Ma. Belinda Buenafe RN, Ph. D. Josefina Florendo RN, domain bear upon doyen ground of nursing Esther Salvador RN, piece of music Accepted and approved for fragmentiseial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in treat. Glenda S. Arquiza RN, Ph. D. doyen set of Nursing cite The inquiryers of root 56 of farther virtu solelyy easterly University, BSN 114 Batch 2011 would resembling to extend our dark approximately appreciation and sincerest gratitude to the surfacestand ing flock who do the get wind possible.First and fore to a greater extent or less we bestow thanks our ever loving God who was our medium during our weakness and our guide when were give a trend of sight. To our cooperative doents and to their respective clinical instructors, we argon very grateful for their acceptance to ex adeptrate our look into possible. To our p bents, that despite our busy chronicle at school, we thank them for their immeasur equal to(p)-bodied recognise, heavy hearing and never ending support. We would in addition like to thank our fellow stem mates and friends for ca commit and exerting efforts that despite the bosom and conflicts, we remained int turn and united in fulfilling this report.We alike like to thank Mr. Jay-el Viteno, for consulting us in our statistics that despite his busy schedule was equal to(p) to make eon and guide us in devising and understanding our look into statistics. To our query adviser, Mr. Renante Dante G. Tan RN, MAN, for sharing with us his precious prison term and his counselor-at-law in back up us to make this enquiry add possible. We would as considerably as like to thank him for solely the bring forwardment and for his immeasurable assent and support in this go bad. To our respective panelists, Josefina Florendo RN,MAN, Esther Salvador RN, MAN and Dr.Ma. Belinda Buenafe of the Institute of Nursing, for letting us parcel expose our wings and believing in us to a greater extent than than we do. With this, we would like to dedicate our perfect manuscript to all in all the people who became startle of our journey. ABSTRACT Objective To retrieve the flop a r revealeedness panaches of the siemens-year nursing scholars in far east University and their intimately surpass-loved statement orderological analysis in foothold of didactics and in in reachs. Methods This make was take ined at off the beaten track(predicate) east University during the period from Noember 2009 to September 2010.The supply macrocosm of the sophomores were 630, by intend of cops diversenessula, we were able to uprise up with 245 growers as the hear. The creature take overmentd by the investigators has some(prenominal) crock ups. The for the root conviction part was the Kolbs sketch tendency size up which was in buckd to charm the attainment mien of the respondents plot the aid part which was a ego-made agent authorise by tercet experts was employ to acquire their nigh favourent precept orderology. Results absolute major(ip)ity of the respondents belong to Divergers which has a frequency of 81 out of the 245 respondents, 58 were accomodators, 57 were assimilators and 49 were convergers. base on the findings, in that respect was a signifi dirty dogt disagreeence amongst the get by dint ofment elbow rooms of the sophomore nursing schoolchilds. The researchers as well as came up with the contri thate t hat all of the quaternion exploitation paths catch up with a common teach methodology which was expression. In equipment casualty of didactics, accomodators and convergers pet pure mouth/ raillery without index consider steer with a percentage of 27. 6 and 32. 7, respectively. Divergers and assimilators favourite(a) pure lecture/ backchat with the exercising of power point with a percentage of 23. 7 and 17. 2, respectively.Conclusion The leave al partnerlesss fork uped that on that point was a evidentiary kindred amidst the larn ports of the sophomore nursing assimilators and their almost prefer culture methodology tabular array OF CONTENTS Title i boon Sheet ii Ac sack outledgement collar consider iv Table of table of contents vi add up of Tables viii List of Figures ixChapter IIntroduction Background of the Study 1 dis gear upation of the Problem 2 consequence of the Study 3 Scope and point of accumulation 5 Chapter IITheoretical Frame emplo yment Review of relate Literature 6 query mental image 27 look for Hypothesis 28 The Main Variable of the Study 28 description of Terms 29Chapter IIIResearch Methodology Research Design 33Population and Sample 33 Research venue 34 Research Instruments 35 Validation of the Instruments 36 selective in coiffureion Collection unconscious process 36 statistical Treatment of Data 37 Chapter IVResults and reciprocation 40Chapter VSummary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations Summary of Findings 57 Conclusions 58 Recommendations 58 Bibliography 59 Books Journals Website Appendices A. Letter to the Dean 60 B. Kolbs counselling sort Inventory 61 C. nonplusment Style Grid 63 D. Population of the Sophomore Nursing students implicated in the field of honor per section. 64 E. breeding Styles of Sophomore Nursing Students 65 F. remove Styles of Sophomore Nursing Students Of Sophomore Nursing Students per section in legal injury of didactics 66 G. education Styles and the Preferred dressing Methodology Of SophomoreNursing Students per section in scathe of skills 72 H. Curriculum Vitae 78List of Tables 1. Frequency Distri onlyion & theatrical utilisation of the 6 sections include in the development 34 2. Frequency & persona scattering of the 245 respondents as to their contrasting control elans 41 3. Frequency and circumstances Distri hardlyion of pet doctrine methodology of Sophomore Nursing Students as per erudition mien in damage of Didactics 43 4. Frequency and Percentage Distri exception of Preferred belief Methodologies of Sophomore Nursing Students as per encyclopedism Style in basis of Skills 46 5. Chi- true Goodness of add up for the passing of the diametric cultivation de connoteors 49 6.Chi lusty Test of freedom for the of import race of acquirement Styles of sophomore nursing students and their most favored disciplineal activity methodologies in basis of didactics50 7. Chi Squ argon Test of Independ ence for the fundamental human copulationship of Learning Styles of sophomore nursing students and their most like instruct methodologyin terms of skills52 List of Figures 1. Research Paradigm27 2. Learning Style Grid 63 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Students bring on polar flack in nurture and these what makes them alone(predicate).Thus, understanding on how they learn and attentioning them to learn is vital in any commandal program. This thunder mug be in peculiar(a)(prenominal) big for students since they whitethorn build varied ways on how to learn. rough students prefer to learn by radical work patch rough(a) would prefer acquisition al mavin, well-nigh in addition learn eon listening to music while roughly students learn efficaciously by examine silently. Furthermore, some students learn by harming into activities yet some learn by reflexion solo. These unlike attainment techniques imply the students especially their coping mechanisms in terms of encyclopedism.In high school, teachers tend to spoon-feed their students while in college, professors atomic tour 18 diametrical, for the reason that they seldom discuss to the students the entire base or lesson. Instead, they l 1some(prenominal) discuss the beta ideas and would encourage the students to read more and field of view harder. On the an sunrise(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)wise bowl over, in that location argon so many educational activity methodologies that arsehole be use to elicit whimively a students acquire capabilities. Some focuses on attainment skills while other(a)s argon more on enhancing friendship. In Far easterly University, finickyly in the Institute of Nursing, a particular able is ordinarily divided into antithetic inventions.Each c at a timept is taught by unique(predicate) professor who has triumph over the concept. These professors use several(prenominal)(predicate) education methodology in e ducating the students. Some captures to only one methodology, while others use different tenet methodologies. Some of the most normally use teaching methodologies atomic number 18 twit w/ powerpoint and habit simulated military operationacting in didactics and demonstration in skills. In the reputation conducted by Hauer, Straub and Wolf (2005), nursing students were set as having a encyclopedism bearing preference amidst that of a diverger and an assimilator. accord to the study conducted by Elliot (2003) rough the best-loved teaching methodologies of nursing students, most students preferred illustration studies and group give-and-take/activities. The nous now rises, with the advent of technological cash build up such(prenominal) as CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) and virtual laboratory, squeeze out object lesson study and group backchat still be the most preferred teaching methodology among nursing students? Statement of the business This study aimed to de termine the relationship among scholarship entitles of sophomore nursing students of Far eastern University and their most preferred teaching methodology.Specifically, it sought to resolve the avocation questions 1. What is the reading mode of Sophomore nursing students? a. Convergers b. Divergers c. bookmans d. accommodators 2. What is the most preferred teaching methodology of sophomore nursing students as to their acquire elans in terms of a. Didactics b. Skills 3. Is in that location a significant difference among the different learnedness styles of sophomore nursing students? 4. Is there a significant relationship in the reading styles of sophomore nursing students when grouped according to their most preferred teaching methodology in terms of I. Didactics II. SkillsSignificance of the study The different discipline styles of both student in the express time have a large meeting on their schoolman performance. Everyone use different accomplishment style to improve their consume cognition, some whitethorn be good in analyze while listening to music, some students like to study alone in the quartette corners of their room, and some students learn easily if they argon within a group study posing. The researchers chose this head because they want to challenge themselves to be more informed on how the students learn and grow in their own way and to know how the students learn and acquire knowledge. Nursing PracticeThe study would be ministrant in guiding students with adverting their learn style as early as their second year in the institute of nursing. at that placefore, having a good erudition style that would sum up their most preferred teaching methodology could help them learn more soundly olibanum enhancing their knowledge. Having more knowledge could alter the students to be more proficient in the nursing practice. Nursing Administration The study offer upd aw beness slightly the discipline styles and the preferred teaching methodologies of sophomore nursing students, thus cock-a-hoop perspicacitys round the posits of the students as they learn.This study cleverness also tin ideas on how to improve the education constitution for the benefit of the students. Nursing Education The result of this study should give nursing educators ideas on what peculiar(prenominal) teaching methodology to be employ establish on the students culture style. Furthermore, the nursing educator would have an insight as to what teaching methodology is best suited for the student providing a more student-centered teaching method that would aid the student to learn more effectively. Nursing ResearchThe study of different education styles of the students business leader contribute to nursing research done build uping trus cardinalrthy essay nearly issues of richness to the nursing affair, including nursing practice, education, political science and informatics. It made the study more significant in pre sent time because finished researching, the researchers big businessman prove that the nurture style/strategies might have advantage and damage in study. The importance of research in nursing is that because of broad support for show base nursing practice, research has put on heightened importance for nurses.Research finding from tight studies provide especially strong testify for informing nurses decisions and actions. Nurses argon accepting the expect to the base specific nursing actions ar clinically hold, equal effective, and result positive outcomes for clients. Scope and demarcation The study foc employ on determine the relationship in the midst of the different eruditeness styles and the most preferred teaching methodology of sophomore nursing students of the Far Eastern University during the prototypical semester of school year 2010.The researcher utilise a descriptive correlational design. 245 sophomore nursing students were selected through nonrandom sam pling technique. The study was conducted at Far Eastern University on July 17, 2010. The study did non include circumstanceors that may affect the result of the study such age and sexual activity of the respondents as well as whether they in truth wanted to be in the nursing profession. Furthermore, the respondents direct of reach and grades were also not included in the study. CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Learning consort to Eric Kandel (2000) Learning is the exercise by which we acquire knowledge about the world. Learning is the process in which a person consciously takes their self farther absent(p) from ignorance. Ignorance is the deficiency of knowledge, the inability to understand something without guidance from an outside force. Ignorance can also be the go awayful act of not development. ( Lindsea 2008 ) Learning Styles The literary works basically indicates that there is full(a) acceptance of the concept of eruditeness styles stock-still, there is disag reement on how to best mensuration discipline styles (Coffield, et. al. , 2004).While the teaching profession has long recognized the need for ripe instructional activities that relate to the diverse learn styles of bookmans, there is some question as to just how meaningful they argon to the teaching environs. That is, most researchers agree that people do have various culture styles and preferences, however, research tends to agree that it is relative unauthoritative as it is far more important to go over the institution with the nature of the subject, such as providing correct encyclopedism methods, strategies, and setting than coordinated tip-by- specific preferences (Coffield, 2004).Perhaps David Merrill (2000) has the best school of thought for use learn styles instructional strategies should first be determined on the root of the type of content to be taught or the goals of the instruction (the content-by- schema fundamental interactions) and secondarily , bookman styles and preferences be consequently apply to adjust or land these fundamental learning strategies. Finally, content-by- system interactions take precedence over learning-style-by-strategy interactions regardless of the instructional style or philosophy of the instructional bunk. fit to Rayner (2001) and Coffield (2001), the idea of a personal style in learning has clearly dispense across the globe during the last ten to occupy a prominent aim in passe-partout pa component about learning and teaching. This means that the learning style of an soulistic matters in learning and also it affects teaching. childly work by Burnett (2005) Cheminais (2002) and Reid (2005) identify that the different styles in learning function as an important element in inclusive learning and teaching in the kinroom.Indeed, Cheminais (2002) suggested that to be an effective and booming teacher, they should (a) show respect for pupils individual learning styles and differences, (b) be responsive to pupils different learning styles, (c)use different aims of lying-ins and activities. Smith (2001) has stated that there ar two methods link up to avid hold out and these two argon the Concrete endure (CE) and Abstract conceptualisation (AC).In addition, he also suggested two methods in transmogrifying have it off and these ar Reflective Observation (RO) and fighting(a) Experimentation (AE). These four modes are all engaged in the ideal learning process and mustiness be corporate together to have an effective learning base on Kolbs Learning Theory. Individuals are likely to develop or use one- cargo decking date approach and one ensure-transforming approach. The combination of these two preferred approaches is the individuals learning style (Smith, 2001).These learning styles are the following converger, diverger, assimilator, and accommodator. Converger Convergers excel in devising applicatory applications of ideas and in using deductive reas oning to solve problems. They use expeditious experimentation and abstract preparation as their approaches in transforming date and devouring(a) experience, respectively (Smith, 2001). They learn from opinion (Chiya, 2003). Diverger Divergers are characterized by concrete experience (feeling) and brooding placard ( reflexion).They use imagination and see things in different points of view (Smith, 2001). They are learning from feeling (Chiya, 2003). Assimilator If convergers use deductive reasoning, assimilators on the other hand use inductive reasoning in creating theoretical representatives. They use abstract expression and boundive poster as their preferred approaches (Smith, 2001). They learn from watching and listening (Chiya, 2003) obligerAccommodators are good in energeticly kind with the world and rattling doing things kind of than merely reading about and studying them. They are characterized by concrete experience (feeling) and active experimentation (doing) (Smith, 2001). They learn from doing (Chiya, 2003). The more learning styles learners use as their major learning styles, the more flexible and successful the learners are. If students use limited learning styles as their preference, it is more challenging for them to adjust to teachers teaching styles (Chiya, 2003).An interpretation was amended & revised by Alan Chapman (March 2006), based on Kolbs Learning Styles which explains that different people naturally prefer a certain(prenominal) single different learning style. Various incidentors influence a persons preferred style notably in his experiential learning theory model (ELT) Kolb pin downd three stages of a persons development, and suggests that the longing to reconcile and successfully integrate the four different learning styles improves as people mature through their development stages.The development stages that Kolb identified are (a) Acquisition stock to adolescence development of basic abilities and cognitive s tructures, (b) strong suit schooling, early work and personal experiences of matureness the development of a particular alter learning style shaped by genial, educational, and organisational socialization, (c) Integration mid-career through to afterwardsward life sentence expression of non-dominant learning style in work and personal life.Whatever influences the pick of style, the learning style preference itself is actually the product of two pairs of uncertains, or two separate choices that peole make, which Kolb presented as lines of axis, each with conflicting modes at either end Concrete drive CE (feeling) VAbstract Conceptualization AC (thinking) quick Experimentation AE (doing) V Reflective Observation RO (watching) Felder & Spurlin (2005) try to mend the potential misuse of learning styles by pointing out that (a) Learning style dimensions are scales, mild, moderate or extreme tendencies can be endangered, (b) Learning style profiles are indicative of ten dencies and individuals at one time or another go forth exhibit tendencies of the opposing characteristic, (c) Learning style preferences do not indicate a learners strengths and weaknesses, only the preferred activity, (d) Learning style preferences may be subject to a learners educational experience and comfort. Teaching Methodology incite students is a simple matter of rewards, gimmicks, and games. Students respond to teachers who can inspire while they teach. creativeness is essential. (Craft, 2010) concord to Chiya (2003), students learning can be some time hindered by the cattle ranch amongst the students learning styles and the teachers teaching styles, and also the lack of instruction on learning strategies.Bridging this gap can only be achieved when the professors are aware of their students needs, capacities, potentials and most importantly, their learning styles (Rao, 2002). countersign bait based format is the tralatitious dormant way of learning. It hires sp otlights where material is delivered to students. Recent studies show the effectiveness of active learning methods. A comparison of lecture feature with discussion versus active, cooperative learning methods by Morgan, Whorton, & Gunsalus (2000) expressd that the use of the lecture feature with discussion resulted in superior retentivity of material among students. The findings of a study by de Caprariis, Barman, & Magee (2001) suggest that lecture leads to the ability to deliver facts, but discussion put outs higher(prenominal) direct comprehension.Further, research on group-oriented discussion methods has shown that team learning and student-led discussions not only produce favorable student performance outcomes, but also foster greater participation, self confidence and leadership ability (Perkins & Saris, 2001 Yoder & Hochevar, 2005). In considering an conciliateed practice model, substantial research highlights the usefulness of work-based mentorship and supervision as part of effective training strategies. Studies claim the matched supervisory relationship was the most important element in clinical instruction (Saarikoski and Leino-Kilpi, 2002). Mentorship also facilitates learning opportunities, and supervises and assesses staff in the practice ambit.Terminology frequently used to describe a mentor includes teacher, supporter, coach, facilitator, assessor, role model and supervisor (Hughes, 2004 Chow and Suen, 2001). This is support by models advocating sovereign, evidence-based and problem-based learning. Demonstration According to Rosen, Salas, and Upshaw (2007, p. 6) demonstrations are often conceived of simply as an warning of depute performance however, demonstrations are in truth thought of as experiences where learners are prompted to actively process the nurtureal content of the lesson and to consistently and reliably acquire trained KSAs and transferral them to the work milieu.They define demonstration as a strategically craf ted, dynamic example of partial or whole task performance or of characteristics of the task environs intended to increase the learners performance by illustrating (with modeling, simulation, or any visualization approach) the enactment of knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) targeted for skill acquisition. Demonstrations castrate in terms of schoolingal and physical characteristics (e. g. , content, form of intromission). Demonstrations also vary in terms of the activities that the learner engages in prior to, during and afterwards observing the example of task performance. According to Fisher & Frey (2008), students need to be aware of the thinking process of the teacher. Demonstration uses a combination of verbal and visual elements to accomplish a task, skill, or strategy (Fisher & Frey, 2008).The demonstration includes the sequence of tone of voices and the decisions that accompany each step so the attached step makes sense. Errors to avoid are also notable to accomp lish the task, skill or strategy (Fisher & Frey, 2008). aft(prenominal) demonstrating the skill or strategy students can be led to know how and when to use their young skills. They can self-assess and label the approaches they use to connect the learning to the next new skill that they learn. They can pay back to travel on the road to self-directed learning. Teachers who have a demonstrator or personal model teaching style tend to run teacher-centred classes with an emphasis on demonstration and modeling(School of Educators, 2010). This forget help the students develops and admit skills and knowledge.According to the School of Educators (2010), a teacher with this type of teaching style might comment I show my students how to flop do a task or work through a problem and then Ill help them master the task or problem firmness of usage. Its important that my students can independently solve similar problems by using and adapting demonstrated methods. This teaching style may he lp an instructor or a teacher to encourage student participation and adapting their notification to include various learning styles. Students are judge to take some responsibility for learning what they need to know and for asking for help when they dont understand something. As lectures, they should aim for meaningful learning through active processes, not passive transmission of facts (Michael, 2001).Students have different preferred learning styles, experiences, background knowledge, and interests, therefore, according to Michael (2001) that we must use a soma of teaching strategies to maximize student learning. One such teaching strategy involves the use of synergetic schoolroom demonstration. Student work hand and glove to gain meaningful learning of sometimes difficult neural concepts and at the time have fun with the subject (Michael, J. , 2001). Online Terrell Dringus (2000) investigated the effect of learning style on student success in an online learning environment and concluded that institutions offering online education programs should give consideration to the different learning styles of their students.According to Farmer (2006) online learning systems have laboured teachers and learners to focus on discussion boards and shared out communication spaces kind of than on the individuals who are taking part in them. Online discussion is group-centred. It counters the grea ravel use of LMS (learning management systems) which is to locate content online. It is the primary mode of online interaction for constructivist learning learning based on interpretation and construction of the world quite than reflecting an external acceptedity (Malinowski et al 2006). locution and even dialogue are greatly limited in most campus based classrooms, online learning may in fact have an advantage in reinforcement collaboration and creating a sense of connection.An online learning environment reflects a group- centered interaction pattern versus an aut hority-centered pattern of a face to face environment. (Garrison 2006). Pelz (2004) stated that learning does not carry on spontaneously among a group of students, whether the setting is face to face or online. Online discussion requires structure just as in a personal setting. In essence, online discussions provide a fomite where knowledge is facilitated by players interacting cooperatively with others ( particular thinking), to accomplish shared learning goals (social interdependence) particularly when the learning task focuses upon the solution of real-life problems (constructivist learning) (Williams Wache 2005).E-learning volition take the form of consummate(a) crosss, main course to content for just-in-time learning, access to components, a la carte courses and services, and the separation of courses to acquire and test knowledge vs. content as an immediate, applicable resource to resolve an immediate, perhaps, one time only problem. Learning is and leave alone contin ue to be a womb-to-tomb process, that could be accessed anywhere at anytime to match a specific need or want. dorm room added that more links to real time entropy and research would become readily obtainable. habituated the progression of the comments, then, web-based training, online learning, e-learning, distributed learning, internet-based learning and net-based learning all speak of each other (Hall Snider, 2000 Urdan Weggen, 2000).Reverting to Halls (2000) contention of e-learning in all-encompassing form, maintain learning as intend interactive courses, as the acquisition of knowledge and skills at a distance through various technological mediums would seem to be one of e-learning possible disguises. Interestingly, Urdan Weggen (2000) saw e-learning as a subset of distance learning, online learning a subset of e-learning and computing machine-based learning as a subset of online learning. Given the review of definitions on all these terms subset does not appear to be the most likely word to describe the relationship among these words and their forms. The definitions show a great depth of interdependence among themselves.While one person may narrowly define a term, another person could give it the all encompassing power. This communicates that e-learning, if disposed the all encompassing form, can be the big circle of which all other terms would be overlapping at different times and extents abandoned their users intention. Another rationale for this choice is that just-in-time learning is a major advantage of e-learning but not of distance learning. Distance learning purports planned courses, or planned experiences. E-learning does not only value planned learning but also recognizes the value of the unintentional and the self-directedness of the learner to maximize incidental learning to improve performance.Similar also to e-learning and its related terms is engine room-based learning (Urdan Weggen 2000). Urdan Weggen shared that e-l earning covers a wide set of applications and processes, including computer-based learning, web-based learning, virtual classrooms, and digital collaborations. For the purpose of their report, they push customized their definition to the obstetrical voice communication of content via all electronic media, including the earnings, intranets, extranets, beam broadcast, audio/ pictorial matter tape, interactive TV, and CD-ROM. They warned, however, that e-learning is defined more narrowly than distance learning, which would include text-based learning and courses conducted via written correspondence.Like Hall Snider 2000), Urdan Weggen (2000) have set apart distance learning and e-learning in their glossaries, making, however, e-learning inclusive and identical to all computer-related applications, tools and processes that have been strategically reorient to value-added learning and teaching processes. E-learning is the acquisition and use of knowledge distributed and facilit ated primarily by electronic means. This form of learning currently depends on networks and computers but will likely produce into systems consisting of a variety of channels (e. g. , wireless, satellite), and technologies (e. g. , cellular phones, PDAs) as they are essential and adopted.E-learning can take the form of courses as well as modules and smaller learning objects. E-learning may incorporate synchronous or asynchronous access and may be distributed geographically with varied limits of time. Group work ( think) According to the study of White et al (2005), group work was generally a positive experience for pharmacology and IT students. However, there were also 25% of the 126 respondents who responded to the open up-ended questions with forbid comments. These comments were the need for objective individual marks, avenues to slump loafers, bias among friends in peer evaluations and concerns with confidentiality and anonymity with peer evaluation.The researchers here conc luded that attitudes towards group work are probably negatively affected by group assessment and may be improved to some extent by using peer evaluation. Research proves that group work experience was generally positive for students across the different disciplines. They saw group work as a tool to develop life-long and generic wine skills in influencing and persuading, negotiating and team-building (Maiden, 2004). According to him, this method group work promotes the development of the express skills. A research study of Reid et al (2005) showed that some students see group work as an undertaking that must be holy well.On the other hand, others see it as a tool for them that would help them advance their individual and collective knowledge. In additional, the approach that students take to their learning depends on the particular conceptions of the task at hand. According to Petrowski et al (2000), group work and creativity has begun in the 1950s and that until now, it is sti ll debatable whether creativity is within a person, as a product or a process. Oral physical exertion(Question and solve) Questioning students not only allows the teacher to evaluate the train of understanding but also provides for feedback, fine tuning the levels of teaching, transactions with misconceptions early, as well as ameliorate the educational material presented.Perhaps one of the most keystone thoughts beyond all the information in a higher place is very simple. Teaching is learning. To teach is to learn. Good teachers learn and adapt to their students, and expand or refine their teaching material as they learn about themselves as well. According to Jennifer Evans (2010), Oral indication is the practice of having an entire class tell important facts, identifications, definitions, and procedures within the instruction and later when they need to be revisited. This method proves kinda beneficial to students when acted out frequently in the classroom, though the t ime for each session should be kept rather short, not exceeding two and one-half minutes. consultation it said aloud by their own mouths results in a higher level of confidence in the subject matter, while also ensuring that they fully understand a topic that requirescritical thinking. By pleasant them in the learning process rather than just instructing, students will become far more interested in their education until theyre just itching for more knowledge. Also, the level of seriousness is kept to the maximum when students come to realize that this specific topic is vital enough for the entire class to participate in at once, further ensuring remembrance. This process of learning should not be set aside for the classroom alone, however students of all ages, from elementary school to college, can use this tool to retain any form of information ranging in levels of difficulty.Its advisable for students currently in their higher learning stages to just sit in a quiet room by thems elves and recite whatever facts or definitions they may need aloud. First, they can start by reading straight out of their notes or textbook, allowing themselves to both see the words on the page while reading them out loud. Then, they can progress to the true test by verbally reciting without their paper. This should be recurrent a number of times sooner the day of the test, allowing themselves weeks of prep time however, once again it is imperative to not put too much strain on the subject. The more difficult the subject is, the more important it is fora student to be able to suppose it at the mite of a hat.Treating information in a more sophisticated way allows this to happen, as the soul will, too, treat the information will sucha high level of care. This method also incorporates the social time all young people need to truly becoming comfortable in their environment. Bitchener Watanabe (2008), the part of the exchange does not reflect what is characteristic of realistic c ommunication (you do not usually correct what other people say when they are talking), the fact that student turned her attention to form in this precise moment has important implications for words learning, for it is an act of noticing a row item and how it should work.It is this aspect that helps us locate what to say (meaning) and how to say it, (form) depending on the situation in which we find ourselves and depending on what was said originally by us and the other participants of the conversation. Although this process is mostly and best carried out unconsciously, meaningful use of spoken communication will necessarily imply the establishment of applicable form-meaning mappings (van den Branden, 2006). index fingerpoint fountainPoint is best used when students are expected to retain thickening graphics, animation, and foresees. For alphanumerical information (e. g. text and numbers) Powerpoint as well as traditional creations can be used.According to Shock (2008), if students are expected to retain information and/or concepts that are best conveyed through dialog or verbal explanation,traditional instaurationsappear to be best. This type of information should not be shared verbally in the front line of PowerPoint, because people tend to focus on that what is presented on the slides as opposed to what is verbalized. If students are expected to retain simple graphs and alphanumeric information that is verbalized and dis swindleed visually, either institution style is acceptable. Educational technologies are most effective when used properly. According to savoy et al (2009), the intelligent use of educational technologies can be defined with three components (1) How people learn (cognitive component)? 2) How can the learning experience be facilitated (instruction component)? (3) How can applied science be used to improve instruction and learning (technology component)? Over the years there has been research to support the three components as individual entities and collectively as the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. The third component has received much attention as researchers try to evaluate the effectiveness of new educational technologies, particularly PowerPoint. eluding launching It is now documented that students can learn more effectively when actively touch on in the learning process (Bonwell and Eison, 1991 Sivan et al, 2001).The case study approach is one way in which such active learning strategies can be implemented in our institutions. in that respect are a number of definitions for the term case study. For example, Fry et al (1999) describe case studies as complex examples which give an insight into the context of a problem as well as illustrating the main point. Davis and Wilcock defined case studies as student centred activities based on topics that demonstrate theoretical concepts in an applied setting. This definition of a case study covers the variety of different teaching structures use d, ranging from short individual case studies to longer group-based activities.According to Onishi (2008) in most clinical teaching settings, case presentation is the most frequently used teaching and learning activity. From an educational viewpoint, the two important roles of case presentations are the bestowers broody opportunity and the clinician educators clues to diagnose the presenter. When a presenter prepares for a case presentation, he/she has to manoeuver all the information collected from a patient. The presenter sometimes does not recall what to ask or to examine with relation to pertinent differential diagnoses while comprehend a patient, and afterward he/she might note that more information should have been collected.He/she is able to note the processes by reflection-on-action and improve the processes the next time. Such a broody process is the most important role of case conference for a presenter. According to Shochet, Cayea, Levine and Wright (2007), case pres entation is a time-honored tradition in clinical medicine. Expert analysis of patient cases has been the excitant for significant discovery and advances in clinical medicine. All clinical educators encounter unforgettable cases in their teaching roles. The case presentation can also be used by educators as a means to more deeply appreciate unique or challenging learner experiences, and by doing so, enhance teaching expertise.Dissemination of these cases may lead to discoveries and advances in the practice of medical education. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) The advantages of word picture conferencing by using closed lick television in educational institutions are well documented. Scholarly literature has indicated that pictorial matterconferencing technology reduces time and costs between far locations, fill gaps in teaching services, increases training productivity, enables meetings that would not be possible due to prohibitive travel costs, and improves access to learning (Martin, 2005 Rose, Furner, Hall, Montgomery, Katsavras, Clarke, 2000 Townes-Young Ewing, 2005 West, 1999). single-valued function Playing grapheme vie is a methodology derived from sociodrama that may be used to help students understand the more subtle aspects of literature, social studies, and even some aspects of science or mathematics. Further, it can help them become more interested and involved, not only learning about the material, but learning also to integrate the knowledge in action, by addressing problems, exploring alternatives, and seeking saucy and creative solutions. According to Blatner (2008), role playing is the best way to develop the skills of initiative, communication, problem-solving, self-awareness, and functional cooperatively in teams, and these are above allcertainly above the learning of mere facts, many if not most of which will be obsolete or ir germane(predicate) in a few yearswill help these young people e prepared for dealing with the challenge s of the Twenty-First Century. According to Pollock et al (2006), learning to participate is an important skill for humanities and social sciences students to learn in todays multi-stakeholder world. The role play method develops a greater understanding of the complexity of professional practice and enables students to develop skills to engage in multi-stakeholder negotiations within the controlled environment of the classroom. Role play in the classroom can be implemented in a number of ways. It can involve online elements as well as face-to-face interactions. The length of the process can also vary according to the aims of the activity.This guide will outline role play techniques put together to be most useful for the social science classroom at a tertiary level. Role play in the classroom involves students actively in the learning process by enabling them to act as stakeholders in an imagined or real scenario. It is a technique that complements the traditional lecture and assign ment format of tertiary level social science learning. In a role play, the teacher selects a particular event or situation that illuminates key theories or may be of importance to the topic of study. Students are given expound background readings and assigned stakeholder roles as preparation. The format of interaction between stakeholders can be varied and may depend on time or resources available.The role play is concluded with a de briefing or reflection stage which reinforces the concepts introduced by the role play. Video Presentation Bassili (2006) conducted a study of college freshmen in a psychology course in order to determine whether they preferred face-to-face or streamed-video lecture delivery as a learning aid. He found that a majority of the students preferred the online video lectures. These findings imply that videotaped content, far from be a less effective vehicle for instruction, might actually increase learner motivation and interest in course material. Other ar ticles outline the advantages of taping learner performances and asking students to watch and reflect upon these recordings.For example, some scholars have found that using videos as reflective diaries can promote critical thinking and reflection and thereby enhance learning development. Researchers have found that making reflective videos can benefit both teachers (Barton and Haydn 2006 Gebhard 2005) and students (Triggs and John 2004). Levy and Kennedy (2004) found evidence for this assertion within the specific context of the phraseology learning classroom. They used computer video capture to record students bearing during their audio conferencing study of Italian as a foreign language. The researchers found that these recordings became an effective tool for assisting students in visualizing and subsequently correcting their errors. some(prenominal) other articles have discussed the potential seismic disturbance of using videos in foreign language study. Herron, Cole, and Corr ie (2000), for example, offer evidence that wake videos in the classroom allows instructors to expose language learners to authentic cultural information. Moreover, research suggests that Internet-based audiovisual aid resources can be effective language learning tools. Hanson-Smith (2004) describes the pedagogical benefits of using online videos as in-class learning resources. In addition, she lauds the fact that the Internet is increasing access to professional audiovisual resources that are free, authentic, and suitable for language learning development.Finally, many scholars have noted the benefits of implementing a video production component in language classes. For example, at the college level, Katchen, Morris, and Savova (2005) have explored the conjecture of using video production to engage language learners, asking students to produce vocabulary-focused videos. They prove that the benefit of their approach is twofold. First, it allows students to produce videos using g rammatical forms and lexical items that are relevant to them, increasing the chance that these forms and terms will be retained. Second, it facilitates the creation of learning resources for succeeding(a) students. Association of learning styles to teaching methodologyIn the study conducted by Csapo & Hayen (2006), it states that a twin between the learning style of faculty and students has been shown to increase the disparitybetween how faculty teaches and how students learn. This mismatch results in an ineffective learningprocess in the classroom. The notion that allcognitive skills are identical at the collegial level orin different training programs smacks of arroganceand elitism by either sanctioning one groups style oflearning while discrediting the styles of others orignoring individual differences altogether Teachers did differ in their teaching styles and the results suggest an connective between teaching styles and learning stylesBased on the study of Chiya (2003), dive rgers are characterized by concrete experience (feeling) and reflective observation (watching) while assimilators utilized abstract expression (thinking) and reflective observation (watching). It was obvious that divergers and assimilators both learn through reflective observation or through watching. According to Evans (2004), these differences in teaching styles may also have an impact on areas such as classroom arrangements, the organization and assessment of activities, teacher interactions with students and academically approaches, such as the use of questioning (Evans, 2004). Evans (2004) also stated that several teachers of today are looking at how to shift their lessons to meet new education purposes.However, discussions are still more teacher-centered than student-centered in some classrooms meaning, the lessons are still based on the preferences of the teacher rather than the students. The following information are synthesize from different local and foreign related liter atures and studies Learning style is unique in either individual. Learning is the process of getting knowledge. As we know, individuals are unique. Each in every one of us is different and so also our learning styles. Learning styles are the approach on how an individual grasp knowledge. There are four types of learning style Converger, Diverger, Assimilator, and Accomodator.Each type of learning style is different in terms of the way they acquire knowledge. Convergers or typesetters case I learners excel in making practical applications of ideas and in using deductive reasoning to solve problems. They use Active experimentation (doing) and abstract conceptualization (thinking) as their approaches in transforming experience and grasping experience, respectively. They learn from thinking. Divergers or Type II learners are characterized by concrete experience (feeling) and reflective observation (watching). They use imagination and see things in different points of view. They are l earning from feeling. Assimilators or Type III learners on the other hand use inductive reasoning in creating theoretical models.They utilized abstract conceptualization (thinking) and reflective observation (watching) as their preferred approaches. They learn from watching and listening. Accomodators or Type IV learners are good in actively engaging with the world and actually doing things rather than merely reading about and studying them. They are characterized by concrete experience (feeling) and active experimentation (doing). They learn from doing. Teaching on the other hand, is the process of plentiful out information. Teaching is the means of providing knowledge to individuals. alike as learning styles, teaching methodologies are also unique for every teacher or instructor. Most instructors tend to stick with a specific teaching methodology.Teaching methodology has a great impact on the students. In association to learning styles, the preferred teaching methodologies. The review of the literature indicated howimportant understanding learning styles and the role of learning styles in the teaching/learning process was for effective teaching. Research Paradigm (Kolb diagrams updated whitethorn 2006) Most Preferred teaching methodology in terms of A. Didactics B. Skills Shown in the figure above was a typical presentation of Kolbs to continuum the east-west called the Processing Continuum (how we approach a task), and the north-south axis is called the Perception Continuum (our emotional response, or how we think or feel about it. ).These learning styles are the combination of two lines of axis (continuums) each formed between what Kolb calls dialectically related modes of grasping experience (doing or watching), and transforming experience (feeling or thinking). An individual internally decide whether he/she adjure todoorwatch, andat the uniform timedecide whether tothinkorfeel. The result of these two decisions produces and helps to form their lea rning style. The individual chooses a way of grasping the experience, which defines his/her approach to it, and chooses a way to transform the experience into something meaningful and usable, which defines the emotional response to the experience.Having knowledge about the learning styles, the appropriate teaching methodology in terms of didactics and skills for a specific learning style can be determined and can be used for effective learning. Research Hypothesis On the basis of the questions proposed in this study the following hypotheses was tested a. There is no significant difference between the learning styles of sophomore nursing students. b. There is no significant relationship on the different learning style between skills and didactics. The main variables of the study The different learning styles were the independent variable and the dependent variable was the most preferred teaching methodologies of sophomore nursing students in terms of didactics and skills. Definition of terms Conceptual definition Learning Styles various approaches or ways of learningAccommodator a person who is instinctive to adapt oneself to other peoples public toilet. Assimilator a person who responds to new situations in conformity with what is already available to consciousness. Converger one who has special ability in answering rational, unimaginative questions. Diverger one who is unfastened of thinking imaginatively beyond the ordinary. Teaching Methodology the types of principles and methods used for instruction. Didactics teaching methodthat follows a consistent scientific approach. Lecture discussion -an informative talk given as before an audience or class and usually prepared beforehand. Recitation a written matter that is recited from memory.Power point presentation The presentation is a collection of individual slides that contain information on a topic. Case presentation refers to the collection and presentation of detailed information about a parti cular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves. brainstorm- Brainstorming is an informal way of generating topics to write about, or points to make about your topic. Students should simply open their minds to whatever pops into them. E-learning the delivery of a learning, training or education program by electronic means. E-learning involves the use of a computer or electronic device in some way to provide training, educational or learning material. Group work a ethod, used by professional social workers, of aiding a group or members of a group toward individual enrolment and increased participation in community activity by exploiting the mechanisms of group life. Reporting- to relate or tell about present. Role playing refers to the changing of ones behaviour to fag out a role, either unconsciously to fill a social role, or consciously to act out an adopted role. Skills teaching the learnedcapacity to carry out pre-determined result s often with the minimum outlay oftime,energy, or both. Demonstration the act of proving by the syllogistic process, or the test copy itself. An exhibition proof especially, proof beyond the possibility of interrogation indubitable evidence, to the senses or reason.Video presentation A video clip is a small section of a larger video presentation. A series of video frames are run in succession to produce a short, animated video. This compilation of video clips results in a video presentation. Operational Definition Learning Styles the method by which an individual acquire knowledge. Accommodator they tend to get information by themselves they can easily adapt to fast changes. Assimilator individuals who learn by thinking through ideas they need certain evidences before making judgments. Converger individuals who learn though practical application. Diverger is an individual who learns through observation they love to listen and share ideas.Teaching Methodologies the stra tegies employ in teaching. Didactics are teaching methods used in the classroom setting. Lecture discussion giving information on a group of people or a class usually to educate. Recitation giving an answer on a given question using what is previously learned. Power point presentation the presentation of a slide show made up of slides containing information on a topic commonly used in giving information about a concept. Case presentation a case specific presentation of info and information gather from an individual or group of people. Brainstorming a method of sharing ideas by throwing in whatever pops out of their mind about a certain subject matter.E-learning method of pull up stakesing knowledge through the use of modern electronic devices or softwares. Group work a method of sharing ideas and combining said ideas to form a unified body of information more commonly used by students. Reporting- presenting a detailed but brief information about a subject. Role playing adopting and acting out the role or personality of someone else. Skills a method of teaching the ability to develop a procedure repeatedly. Demonstration a method of imparting knowledge by showing how something is being done. Video presentation the use of recorded video or a series of video clips to impart knowledge on a certain subject matter. CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH methodology Research design This study used descriptive correlational study as the research design. According to Polit and Beck (2008), descriptive research is the second broad class of non-experimental studies and its purpose is to ob fare, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generating or theory development. This study described the learning styles of Sophomore Nursing students and their most preferred teaching methodology. It also determined if learning styles were associated to their most preferred teaching methodology. Popul ation and SampleThe respondents of this study were sophomore nursing students of Far Eastern University within the school year 2010 to 2011. The sophomore nursing students had a total commonwealth of 630. Using Slovens figure, the sample population of 245 was drawn. Table 1. Frequency diffusion and Percentage of the 6 sections included in the study Section Frequency Percentage (%) BSN 313 36 14. 7 BSN 302 48 19. 6 BSN 304 34 13. 9 BSN 303 48 19. 6 BSN 305 37 15. 1 BSN SB3 42 17. 1 Total 245 blow The researchers used convenience sampling method in choosing the sections that were included in the study basing on the inclusion body and exclusion criteria.Included in the study were sophomore students who were on deck during Mondays, those who were present during the info congregation and those who were willing to cooperate. Those excluded in the study were freshmen, junior and senior nursing students and those from other institutes, sections of sophomore nursing students who were on deck during Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays and those who were absent during the data gathering procedure. All of the in sensible questionnaires answered by the respondents were not included in the tallying. Research Locale The study was conducted at Far Eastern University specifically in the Institute of Nursing. It is a Private non-sectarian University, located in Nicanor Reyes Street, Sampaloc manilla paper which was suited for the respondents.The researchers had chosen Far Eastern University as a research locale because the behavior, experiences and characteristics that the researchers sought to observe fit the students of FEU specifically nursing students. Furthermore, FEU had adequate diversity or mix of students to achieve the research goal. In addition, entrance to the site was possible and access to the respondents can be granted. Research Instruments The means had two parts. The first part of the doer was Kolbs Learning Style Inventory (LSI) w hich was a standard questionnaire constructed by Kolbs (1985. It was a 12 item self-description questionnaire that would determine the learning style of a particular person.After taking Kolbs Learning Style Inventory and summing up the total number for each learning styles, it gave the difference between Concrete Experience (CE) and Abstract Conceptualization (AC) and the difference between Active Experimentation (AE) and Reflective Observation (RO). After determining the differences of each learning styles, it was plot on the paradigm to determine the students learning styles as Diverger, Converger, Assimilator and Accommodator. The second part of the operator was a self-made instrument. It was a structured questionnaire in which respondents were asked to choose their most preferred teaching methodology both in acquiring skills and learning from lectures. Validation of instrumentThe second part of the instrument was validated by three experts the Associate Dean of the Institute of Nursing along with two other faculty members who had been on the academe for 5 years. The instrument was validated in terms of its face and content validity. A indicator lamp test was conducted to ten (10) nursing students, after which the respondents were excluded from the actual data gathering procedure. They were able to answer all the questions in the instrument which yielded good results. Data Collection Procedure A letter addressed to Dr. Glenda S. Arquiza, Dean of the Institute of Nursing, was forwarded to ask permission to conduct the study. Moreover, the researchers of the study coordinated with the Level II coordinators to acquire the schedule of the selected respondents.The researcher used structured paper and pencil instrument in which the respondents were guided by a topic guide of questions to be asked and rank order questions which the respondent rank target concepts along a continuum, such as most to least. The respondents were asked to answer the Kolbs Learning St yle Inventory. From the sections present during the data gathering, the researchers used conveniece sampling in choosing the included sections for them to come up with the 245 respondents. The inventories were distributed by some of the members of the research team to the selected respondents and were collected right away after they finish answering the inventory. The data collection was conducted last July 17, 2010. All of the instruments which were valid and with complete answers were all included in the study. Statistical TreatmentTo organize the data collected, statistical tables were presented. This made the presentation of the data systematic and readily understandable. Furthermore, the following statistical formulas were used to analyze the data collected. The Slovens Formula was used to determine the number of minimum respondents to utilize. Its formula is as follows n=N(1+N*e2) Where n = number of samples N = total population e = margin of error To answer the first and the second problem statement which were What is the learning style of sophomore Nursing students and What are the preferred teaching methodology of sophomore nursing students Frequency & Percentage diffusion was used.Its formula is as follows Percentage (%) = fnx 100 where f = number of times the item occurs (frequency) n = total number of items To answer statement of the problem number 2, burden mean was used to determine the mediocre of the students who preferred a particular teaching methodology in terms of skills and didactics Its formula is as follows X=? fxn where X = mean ? = summation f = number of times the items occur x = value of the item n = total number of items To answer statement of the problem number 3, Is there a significant difference between the different learning styles chi-square goodness of fit test was used. Its for